Rising temperatures, decreasing costs and risks: Assessing the financial benefits of climate change instruments

Over the past two decades, climate change and global warming have been recognised as paramount environmental challenges on a worldwide scale. One of the primary obstacles in advancing a sustainable economy is the effective mitigation and management of the risks associated with climate change. The accelerated pace of economic development and the proliferation of international business activities have exerted considerable pressure on planetary ecosystems, resulting in pronounced environmental degradation (Salvi et al., 2025a). According to the World Health Organisation, the combined effects of ambient and household air pollution are linked to millions of premature deaths annually, highlighting the significant public health implications of air quality.