A Road to The North: Italy, the Lombards and the Barbarians between National Historiography, Archaeology and Policy

a long time, Italian academic tradition viewed the cultural and historical inter-pretation of the Lombards as simple and uniform, shaped largely by the 19th-century author Alessandro Manzoni, a key cultural figure and author of The Betrothed. In his view, modern Italians were seen as direct descendants of the Romans, periodically reemerging during defining national epochs like the Renaissance and the Risorgimento. Within this framework, the Lombards were dismissed as just another group of foreign invaders. This perspective has significantly shifted in recent decades. Following the decline of Italy’s ‘First Republic’, the rise of regional political movements, and the development of the European Union, the Lombards have been reinterpreted in more complex ways: in some cases, being viewed as regional ancestors supporting new territorial identities; in others, as early contributors to a pan-European identity. These reinterpretations parallel earlier local-national tensions after Italy’s unification in 1861. Archaeological discoveries have further supported these revised views.