Exposure to different light intensities affects emission of volatiles and accumulations of both pigments and phenolics in Azolla filiculoides

Many agronomic trials demonstrated the nitrogen-fixing ability of the ferns Azolla spp. and its obligate cyanobiont Trichormus azollae. In this study, we have screened the emis- sion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and analyzed pigments (chlorophylls, carot- enoids) as well as phenolic compounds in Azolla filiculoides–T. azollae symbionts exposed to different light intensities. Our results revealed VOC emission mainly comprising iso- prene and methanol ( 82% and 13% of the overall blend, respectively). In particular, by dissecting VOC emission from A. filiculoides and T. azollae, we found that the cyano- bacterium does not emit isoprene, whereas it relevantly contributes to the methanol flux. Enhanced isoprene emission capacity (15.95 ± 2.95 nmol m 2 s 1), along with increased content of both phenolic compounds and carotenoids, was measured in A. filiculoides grown for long-term under high (700 μmol m 2 s 1) rather than medium (400 μmol m 2 s 1) and low (100 μmol m 2 s 1) light intensity. Moreover, light- responses of chlorophyll fluorescence demonstrated that A. filiculoides was able to accli- mate to high growth light. However, exposure of A. filiculoides from low (100 μmol m 2 s 1) to very high light (1000 μmol m 2 s 1) did not affect, in the short term, photosynthesis, but slightly decreased isoprene emission and leaf pigment content whereas, at the same time, dramatically raised the accumulation of phenolic compounds (i.e. deoxyanthocyanidins and phlobaphenes). Our results highlight a coordinated photo- protection mechanism consisting of isoprene emission and phenolic compounds accu- mulation employed by A. filiculoides to cope with increasing light intensities.