TITLE: "A Staurotheke in Heaven: the Mosaic over the door of St. Mark’s Treasury in Venice (13th century)" This article discusses the mosaic placed above the door of St. Mark’s Treasury in Venice. It was made in the first half of 13th century in a polylobed mmarble frame of Moorish-Venetian style. The image depicts a flowery meadow and a sky artificially adorned by a plot of golden scales; in such a heavenly landscape, there are two archangels faced, holding a sceptre and wearing purple shoes. Grabbing it by two handles, they lift a big rectangular shape, that is made in golden and mother-of-pearl tesserae: in the centre, the wooden cross of Golgotha clarify that the precious object is a staurotheke. Unfortunately, a Gothic statue of Ecce Homo has been placed on the lintel just before the image, so it is poorly visible nowadays. This image likely refers to a relic of the True Cross, once kept in the Treasury beyond the door. Probably the mosaic was made in the aftermath of the disastrous fire that blazed inside the Treasure in 1231: the Venetian chronicles report only a few objects were miraculously saved. Among them, there is a reliquary of the lignum crucis, which scholars usually identify with a staurotheke still part of St. Mark's collection: although restored in the 16th century, it is adorned by the original effigies of Saints Helena and Constantine and it bears the dedication of a Maria basilissa, perhaps the wife of Emperor Nikephoros III, or the wife of Manuel I Komnenos. In this article we wonder about the possibility that the staurotheke depicted in St. Mark’s mosaic refers to a real artifact - among the many specimens held in the Treasury - or rather it alludes to an idealized image, proper to the dimension of transcendence. More generally, a reflection is here proposed about the choice of the iconographic theme, about its spread between Byzantium and the West and its implications in worship and liturgy.

Il presente contributo prende in esame il mosaico all’ingresso del Tesoro della basilica di San Marco a Venezia, eseguito nella prima metà del XIII secolo insieme alla cornice marmorea ad arco polilobato inflesso, di stile veneto-moresco, che lo contiene. La decorazione raffigura un paesaggio paradisiaco, con prato fiorito e un cielo artificialmente ornato da una trama di squame dorate. Al suo interno si trova una coppia di arcangeli affrontati, muniti di scettro e indossanti calzari di porpora. I due esseri alati sollevano, afferrandola da due maniglie, una sagoma rettangolare di grandi dimensioni in tessere d’oro e madreperla (oggi scarsamente visibile perché proprio davanti, sull’architrave, è stata collocata una piccola statua gotica di Ecce Homo), al centro della quale si staglia la croce lignea del Golgotha: si tratta quindi, senza dubbio, di una stauroteca, fulcro simbolico della rappresentazione. L’immagine trae origine, verosimilmente, dall’intento di segnalare la presenza, al di là del muro, di una reliquia della Vera Croce. È probabile che l’opera musiva sia stata realizzata all’indomani del rovinoso incendio che nel 1231 divampò all’interno del Tesoro marciano, risparmiando miracolosamente - secondo quanto riferito dalle cronache veneziane – solo pochi oggetti fra i quali un reliquiario del lignum crucis. Tradizionalmente quest’ultimo viene identificato con la stauroteca contenente l’effigie dei santi Elena e Costantino, recante la dedica di una Maria basilissa (forse la moglie dell’imperatore Niceforo III, o la consorte di Manuele I Comneno), ancora oggi facente parte della collezione marciana, sebbene restaurata nel XVI secolo. In quest’articolo ci si interroga sull’effettiva possibilità che la stauroteca del mosaico si riferisca ad un manufatto reale - fra i molteplici esemplari attestati all’interno del Tesoro - o piuttosto alluda ad un’immagine idealizzata, propria della dimensione della trascendenza. Più in generale, si propone una riflessione sulla scelta del tema iconografico, la sua diffusione tra Bisanzio e l’Occidente, le sue implicazioni liturgiche e cultuali.

Una stauroteca in Paradiso: il mosaico sopra la porta del Tesoro di San Marco a Venezia (XIII sec.)

Simone Piazza
2021-01-01

Abstract

TITLE: "A Staurotheke in Heaven: the Mosaic over the door of St. Mark’s Treasury in Venice (13th century)" This article discusses the mosaic placed above the door of St. Mark’s Treasury in Venice. It was made in the first half of 13th century in a polylobed mmarble frame of Moorish-Venetian style. The image depicts a flowery meadow and a sky artificially adorned by a plot of golden scales; in such a heavenly landscape, there are two archangels faced, holding a sceptre and wearing purple shoes. Grabbing it by two handles, they lift a big rectangular shape, that is made in golden and mother-of-pearl tesserae: in the centre, the wooden cross of Golgotha clarify that the precious object is a staurotheke. Unfortunately, a Gothic statue of Ecce Homo has been placed on the lintel just before the image, so it is poorly visible nowadays. This image likely refers to a relic of the True Cross, once kept in the Treasury beyond the door. Probably the mosaic was made in the aftermath of the disastrous fire that blazed inside the Treasure in 1231: the Venetian chronicles report only a few objects were miraculously saved. Among them, there is a reliquary of the lignum crucis, which scholars usually identify with a staurotheke still part of St. Mark's collection: although restored in the 16th century, it is adorned by the original effigies of Saints Helena and Constantine and it bears the dedication of a Maria basilissa, perhaps the wife of Emperor Nikephoros III, or the wife of Manuel I Komnenos. In this article we wonder about the possibility that the staurotheke depicted in St. Mark’s mosaic refers to a real artifact - among the many specimens held in the Treasury - or rather it alludes to an idealized image, proper to the dimension of transcendence. More generally, a reflection is here proposed about the choice of the iconographic theme, about its spread between Byzantium and the West and its implications in worship and liturgy.
2021
Atti del XXVI Colloquio dell’Associazione Italiana per lo Studio e la Conservazione del Mosaico
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10278/3738230
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