The article focuses on the theoretical framework, methodological approach, and research perspectives on the economic structures of early city-states in Mesopotamia and Syria during the Proto-Dynastic period (ca. 2900–2350 BCE), as emerging within the frame of the Urban Economy Begins project. Building on a critical reassessment of the long-standing debate between primitivist and modernist approaches on ancient Near Eastern economies, the study argues for renewed attention to the Proto-Dynastic documentation, a corpus that has remained relatively under-explored despite its crucial relevance for understanding the emergence of urban economies. The project addresses major challenges in the field, with special reference to dispersion of epigraphic materials, uneven publication, and limited interoperability of primary sources. In order to mitigate these issues, the project has developed an ad-hoc, online database that integrates philological, lexical, and quantitative data derived from administrative and legal texts. Particular emphasis is placed on economic terminology, institutional practices, labor organization, as well as high-impact variables such as quantities and values of selected commodities. This enables comparative and contrastive analyses across regions and ecological settings. As a case study, the article examines the Proto-Dynastic corpus from the region of Umma (ca. XXIV century BCE), the second-largest archive of this period, highlighting its potential to our understanding of agricultural production, redistribution systems, labor management, and private economic activity outside the dominant temple and palace institutions. The integration of this corpus into a standardized digital framework opens new avenues for quantitative analysis and for reassessing the balance between institutional and non-institutional actors in early urban economies.

L’articolo si concentra sul quadro teorico, sull’approccio metodologico e sulle prospettive di ricerca relative alle strutture economiche delle prime città-stato della Mesopotamia e della Siria nel periodo proto-dinastico (ca. 2900–2350 a.C.), così come emergono nell’ambito del progetto Urban Economy Begins. Muovendo da una rilettura critica del dibattito di lunga durata tra approcci primitivisti e modernisti alle economie del Vicino Oriente antico, lo studio sottolinea l'importanza della documentazione proto-dinastica, un corpus rimasto relativamente poco esplorato nonostante la sua rilevanza cruciale per la comprensione della genesi delle economie urbane. Il progetto affronta alcune delle principali criticità del settore, con particolare riferimento alla dispersione dei materiali epigrafici, alla disomogeneità delle pubblicazioni e alla limitata interoperabilità delle fonti primarie. Per far fronte a tali problemi è stato sviluppato un database online ad hoc, che integra dati filologici, lessicali e quantitativi ricavati da testi amministrativi e legali. Un’attenzione specifica è riservata alla terminologia economica, alle pratiche istituzionali, all’organizzazione del lavoro, nonché a variabili ad alto impatto, quali quantità e valore di beni selezionati, consentendo analisi comparative e contrastive tra diverse regioni e contesti ecologici. Come caso di studio, l’articolo esamina il corpus proto-dinastico della regione di Umma (ca. XXIV secolo a.C.), il secondo archivio più consistente del periodo, mettendone in luce il potenziale per la comprensione della produzione agricola, dei sistemi redistributivi, della gestione della forza lavoro e delle attività economiche private al di fuori delle dominanti istituzioni templari e palatine. L’integrazione di questo corpus in un quadro digitale standardizzato apre nuove prospettive per l’analisi quantitativa e per una rivalutazione dell’equilibrio tra attori istituzionali e non istituzionali nelle prime economie urbane

Per una storia economica delle prime città-stato in Mesopotamia e Siria: fonti, metodi e prospettive nel quadro del progetto “Urban Economy Begins”

Massimo Maiocchi
Writing – Original Draft Preparation
;
Sasha Alessandro Volpi
Writing – Original Draft Preparation
2025

Abstract

The article focuses on the theoretical framework, methodological approach, and research perspectives on the economic structures of early city-states in Mesopotamia and Syria during the Proto-Dynastic period (ca. 2900–2350 BCE), as emerging within the frame of the Urban Economy Begins project. Building on a critical reassessment of the long-standing debate between primitivist and modernist approaches on ancient Near Eastern economies, the study argues for renewed attention to the Proto-Dynastic documentation, a corpus that has remained relatively under-explored despite its crucial relevance for understanding the emergence of urban economies. The project addresses major challenges in the field, with special reference to dispersion of epigraphic materials, uneven publication, and limited interoperability of primary sources. In order to mitigate these issues, the project has developed an ad-hoc, online database that integrates philological, lexical, and quantitative data derived from administrative and legal texts. Particular emphasis is placed on economic terminology, institutional practices, labor organization, as well as high-impact variables such as quantities and values of selected commodities. This enables comparative and contrastive analyses across regions and ecological settings. As a case study, the article examines the Proto-Dynastic corpus from the region of Umma (ca. XXIV century BCE), the second-largest archive of this period, highlighting its potential to our understanding of agricultural production, redistribution systems, labor management, and private economic activity outside the dominant temple and palace institutions. The integration of this corpus into a standardized digital framework opens new avenues for quantitative analysis and for reassessing the balance between institutional and non-institutional actors in early urban economies.
2025
Egitto e Vicino Oriente Antichi. Studi sull’Egitto il Vicino Oriente Antico in Italia.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10278/5109433
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