A systematic investigation of multiferroic LuFe(1-x)MnxO3, prepared by ethylene glycol based sol-gel route, is presented. The effect of Mn content and calcination temperature is investigated employing XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, and magnetometry measurements. Theoretical estimation of the polarization of the hexagonal unit cell is also explored. The obtained data reveals two crystallographic phases, orthorhombic Pnma, and hexagonal P63cm. A mixture of the aforementioned phases is obtained when 0.3 ≥ x, at higher content a single phase hexagonal compound is formed. Rietveld refinement reveals distortion of the lattice as the a- unit cell parameter increases together with Mn content while the c- parameter decreases. The increase of calcination temperature from 1100 to 1300 °C, causes particle size to increase by a factor of around 5. XPS data shows that 1100 °C temperature is favorable for the iron in the 2+ state, while the formation of Mn4+ is favored at 1300 °C. An increase in Mn content leads to a decrease of the Néel ordering temperature TN from ∼130 K at x = 0.2 to around ∼115 K when x = 0.4. Lastly, theoretical calculations reveal that the introduction of Mn into the unit cell almost linearly increases the polarization value.
The effect of manganese doping and calcination temperature on polarization, structural and magnetic properties of multiferroic LuFe(1-)Mn O3 system
Puppulin, Leonardo;
2025-01-01
Abstract
A systematic investigation of multiferroic LuFe(1-x)MnxO3, prepared by ethylene glycol based sol-gel route, is presented. The effect of Mn content and calcination temperature is investigated employing XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, and magnetometry measurements. Theoretical estimation of the polarization of the hexagonal unit cell is also explored. The obtained data reveals two crystallographic phases, orthorhombic Pnma, and hexagonal P63cm. A mixture of the aforementioned phases is obtained when 0.3 ≥ x, at higher content a single phase hexagonal compound is formed. Rietveld refinement reveals distortion of the lattice as the a- unit cell parameter increases together with Mn content while the c- parameter decreases. The increase of calcination temperature from 1100 to 1300 °C, causes particle size to increase by a factor of around 5. XPS data shows that 1100 °C temperature is favorable for the iron in the 2+ state, while the formation of Mn4+ is favored at 1300 °C. An increase in Mn content leads to a decrease of the Néel ordering temperature TN from ∼130 K at x = 0.2 to around ∼115 K when x = 0.4. Lastly, theoretical calculations reveal that the introduction of Mn into the unit cell almost linearly increases the polarization value.
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