Links between electrochemical thermodynamics and kinetics

Redox systems are considered when proceeding (a) in an electrochemical cell (heterogeneous reactions), and (b) in a single compartment (homogeneous reactions), also including the case of a solution in contact with solid phases. Special emphasis is given to the electrochemical systems. Starting from equilibrium states in the individual half-cells, the cell as a whole is (1) made to work spontaneously (batteries, fuel cells) and (2) forced to induce non-spontaneous transformations (electrolysis). Kinetics needs to be considered in both cases: phenomenological aspects and rigorous mathematic tools are intended to concur to draw the picture. Supplementary material is given in order to help visualise what the equations given express.