Prophets of the east: The ilkhanid historian rashīd al-Dīn on the buddha, laozi and confucius and the question of his Chinese sources (Part 2)

The Ilkhanid vizier and historian Rashīd al-Dīn's section on China (the History of China) in his world history, the Jāmial-tawārīkh, is the first Persian history of the Chinese world. Among other information on China, this text includes accounts of the lives and deeds of the founders of its three major religious and philosophical schools: Buddha, Laozi and Confucius. As a continuation to the first part of the paper, devoted to Rashīd al-Dīn's account on the Buddha, here we focus on the excerpts on Laozi and Confucius, which probably constitute the first discussions of these two figures in the Islamicate world. Reading these excerpts against the background of Chinese sources, striking similarities can be found between Rashīd al-Dīn's accounts and the narratives of Buddhist 'universal histories' of the early Yuan period, belonging to the historiographical production of the Chan school.