The southern Central Asian mountains as an ancient agricultural mixing zone: new archaeobotanical data from Barikot in the Swat valley of Pakistan

The mountain foothills of Inner Asia have served as a corridor of communication and exchange for at least five millennia, fostering historically documented trade routes, such as the Silk Road and the Tea-Horse Road. Recent research has illustrated the important role that this mountain corridor played in the dispersal of crops and cultivation technology between northeast and southwest Asia between 5,000 and 1,000 years ago. However, the role of the mountain valleys along the southern rim of the Pamirs and Himalaya in facilitating crop dispersals has not been fully explored. Notably, ongoing debates over secondary dispersals of barley and wheat into China and the routes of dispersal for East Asian crops (Oryza sativa, Prunus persica, and P. armeniaca) into northern India are continuing topics of inquiry. In this article, we add to these discussions by focusing on archaeobotanical remains from the Barikot site (ca. 1200B.C.-A.D.50) in the Swat Valley of northern Pakistan. The Swat Valley was an ancient settlement zone in the Hindukush-Karakoram foothills, whose cultural features have always had a strong link with Inner Asia. The archaeobotanical assemblage illustrates that a diverse array of crops, with origins across Asia, were cultivated around the same village. Additionally, these farmers likely implemented seasonal cropping cycles and irrigation that required differing labor inputs, water regimes, and seasonality.