Biosensing Technologies for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Background and Rationale: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring pharmaceutical drug concentrations in patients’ biofluids at designated intervals to allow a close and timely control of their dosage. This practice allows for rapid medical intervention in case of toxicity-related issues and/or adjustment of dosage to better fit the therapeutic demand. Currently, TDM is performed in centralized laboratories employing instruments, such as immunoassay analyzers and mass spectrometers that can be run only by trained personnel. However, the time required for the preparation, samples analysis, and data processing, together with the related financial cost, severely affects the application of TDM in medical practices. Therefore, a new generation of analytical tools is necessary to respond to the timely need of drug administration or reduction aiming at effectively treating oncologic patients. Aim of the Review: State-of-the-Art Technologies for TDM: Technological advances in the field of nanosciences and biosensors offer the unique opportunity to address such issues. The interest for the so-called nanobiosensors is considerably increasing, particularly in drug discovery and clinical chemistry, even though there are only few examples reporting their use for TDM. The techniques employing nanobiosensors are mainly based on electrochemical, optical, and mass detection systems. Conclusions: In this review, we described the most promising methodologies that, in our opinion, will bring TDM towards the next stage of clinical practice in the future.