This thesis explores innovative, eco-friendly, and cost-effective methodologies for monitoring environmental pollutants in biological fluids, focusing on the challenges of detecting emerging contaminants such as pesticides. In the first chapter, the state of the art in sensing and chromatographic strategies for pesticide detection in the human body is examined, highlighting the limitations of current methods, particularly in large-scale biomonitoring. While optical and electrochemical sensors offer rapid, in-situ analysis, their sensitivity and reproducibility fall short compared to chromatographic methods, which remain time-consuming and expensive. A combination of both sensor-based and chromatographic methods is suggested to enhance pollutant detection. The second chapter details the design of a low-cost, compostable electrochemical sensor platform for glyphosate detection in human urine. Using paper as a multifunctional material, the sensor integrates rapid screening and confirmation via LC-MS analysis. The paper’s properties improve sensor performance by reducing interference and enabling reagent storage, making it a portable, cost-effective tool for analyzing complex biological fluids. Chapter three introduces a novel pre-treatment method based on ammonium sulfate precipitation and paper-based analytical devices (PADs), which significantly reduces protein content in urine, enhancing electrochemical sensor performance. This approach is applied to the detection of free tryptophan, a biomarker for neurological disorders, cancer, and metabolic conditions. The fourth chapter focuses on haloacetic acid (HAAs) detection in saliva and urine, adapting a chromatographic method for PM2.5 aerosols to biological matrices and developing a portable electrochemical sensor for Chloroacetic acids. The work concludes with a vision for sustainable sensor technologies, aiming to reduce environmental impact and improve public health and environmental policies.
Questa tesi esplora metodologie innovative, ecologiche ed economiche per il monitoraggio dei contaminanti emergenti nei fluidi biologici, con un focus particolare sulla rilevazione di pesticidi. Nel primo capitolo, vengono esaminate le tecniche di sensori e cromatografiche per il monitoraggio dei pesticidi nel corpo umano, evidenziando le limitazioni dei metodi attuali, in particolare per l'applicazione su larga scala. Sebbene i sensori ottici ed elettrochimici offrano analisi rapide in situ, la loro sensibilità e riproducibilità non sono paragonabili a quelle delle tecniche cromatografiche, che rimangono troppo costose e complesse. Si propone una combinazione di tecniche sensoriali e cromatografiche per migliorare la rilevazione dei contaminanti. Il secondo capitolo descrive la progettazione di una piattaforma elettrochimica compostabile a basso costo per la rilevazione del glifosato nelle urine umane, utilizzando carta come materiale multifunzionale per la costruzione degli elettrodi. Questa piattaforma integra capacità di screening rapide e conferma tramite analisi LC-MS, migliorando le prestazioni grazie alle proprietà intrinseche della carta, che riduce le interferenze e consente una maggiore portabilità. Il terzo capitolo introduce un metodo di pre-trattamento basato sull'effetto "salting-out", che rimuove circa il 70% delle proteine nelle urine, migliorando notevolmente le prestazioni del sensore elettrochimico. Questo metodo viene applicato alla quantificazione del triptofano libero, un biomarcatore per disturbi neurologici, tumori e condizioni metaboliche. Il quarto capitolo si concentra sulla rilevazione degli acidi haloacetici (HAAs) nelle urine e nella saliva, adattando una metodologia cromatografica per il monitoraggio di PM2.5 e sviluppando un sensore elettrochimico portatile per gli acidi cloroacetici. Il lavoro si conclude con una visione delle tecnologie di sensori sostenibili, mirando a ridurre l'impatto ambientale e a migliorare le politiche sanitarie ed ambientali.
Green Analytical Strategies for Integrated Screening of Emerging Contaminants / Fama, Francesco. - (2025 Jul 07).
Green Analytical Strategies for Integrated Screening of Emerging Contaminants
FAMA, FRANCESCO
2025-07-07
Abstract
This thesis explores innovative, eco-friendly, and cost-effective methodologies for monitoring environmental pollutants in biological fluids, focusing on the challenges of detecting emerging contaminants such as pesticides. In the first chapter, the state of the art in sensing and chromatographic strategies for pesticide detection in the human body is examined, highlighting the limitations of current methods, particularly in large-scale biomonitoring. While optical and electrochemical sensors offer rapid, in-situ analysis, their sensitivity and reproducibility fall short compared to chromatographic methods, which remain time-consuming and expensive. A combination of both sensor-based and chromatographic methods is suggested to enhance pollutant detection. The second chapter details the design of a low-cost, compostable electrochemical sensor platform for glyphosate detection in human urine. Using paper as a multifunctional material, the sensor integrates rapid screening and confirmation via LC-MS analysis. The paper’s properties improve sensor performance by reducing interference and enabling reagent storage, making it a portable, cost-effective tool for analyzing complex biological fluids. Chapter three introduces a novel pre-treatment method based on ammonium sulfate precipitation and paper-based analytical devices (PADs), which significantly reduces protein content in urine, enhancing electrochemical sensor performance. This approach is applied to the detection of free tryptophan, a biomarker for neurological disorders, cancer, and metabolic conditions. The fourth chapter focuses on haloacetic acid (HAAs) detection in saliva and urine, adapting a chromatographic method for PM2.5 aerosols to biological matrices and developing a portable electrochemical sensor for Chloroacetic acids. The work concludes with a vision for sustainable sensor technologies, aiming to reduce environmental impact and improve public health and environmental policies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Green Analytical Strategies for Integrated Screening of Emerging Contaminants
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