Although the critical literature devoted to Abbas Kiarostami is rich in publications and punctuated by illustrious contributions (Nancy, Montani, Mulvey, etc.), studies focusing on his more experimental, more recent and lesser-known output are absent or sporadic. After having made some of his most acclaimed masterpieces between the 1980s and 1990s (Where Is the Friend's House?, Close Up, And Life Goes On , Through the Olive Trees, The Taste of Cherry), he significantly reduced his commitment to fiction films, in order to devote most of his efforts - from the early 2000s until 2016, the year of his death - to an impressive and heterogeneous set of audiovisual works: art installations, experimental films, documentaries, short films, photographic series, theatre productions, poetry collections. Although discontinuous and polychrome in terms of expressive forms and registers, and increasingly unknown even to the cinephile community, over the years this body of works has become the significant space where - perhaps casually, perhaps thoughtfully - a wide-ranging and dense theoretical reflection dedicated to what Pasolini would perhaps have called the "cinèmi", i.e. the minimal units of meaning (the frame, the close-up, the montage, the camera movement) that establish the rules of engagement between the images, the world and its viewers. While in more traditional films they are generally woven into complex constructs, in his more recent unconventional artefacts, they are presented in distilled form. Not as synthesis or summary, extraction or fragment, but as original nuclei of signification to which they entrust an unexpected epistemological charge and an almost violent relationship of implication with reality on the one hand and with the spectator on the other. It must be said that this essentialist dynamic - after all, every distillation aims to distinguish an essence - can also be found in Kiarostami's best-known filmography, to which this publication cannot fail to give an account, but by summoning it within a finalist framework intended not to trace lines of chronological continuity or constant and cohesive stylistic figures, but rather by starting from the collection of single epiphanic occurrences that can highlight the way in which the film works on its being such: a shot, a line of dialogue, a spatial conformation, a defect in the image or sound. Hence the opening up of a speculative dimension that once again links what Manovich called the cinematic with a broader, more porous visual landscape, because every reflection on the making and unmaking of the film in individual particles is also a laying down of the prerequisites for proximity between the filmic gesture and the artistic gesture more generally. The perspective that embraces the volume is thus profoundly intermedial in a continuous tilting between states that would appear polar or antinomian if they were not conversely contiguous and co-present in the same objects studied, in fertile dialogue or conflict with each other. Analogical and digital, mobile and immobile, figurative and abstract; and again the artificial of creation in relation to the de-anthropomorphised power of the natural, the arbitrary authority of the author in contrast to its disappearance into the indifferent. In other words, mutually opposing terms find in the audiovisual experiments of the Iranian artist a space of reconciliation that indicates a way of being of images - of their creators, of their users - that is easy to find in other expressive experiences of the contemporary scene. Because, as a second and no less important objective of the volume, an attempt will be made to recognise some of the main themes that define, in depth, the relationship between the subjects and the environments that surround them, moving from a single kiarostamian occurrence to a broader review of the contemporary art, film and media scene: questions such as the crossing of thresholds of consciousness, the shaping of the self in the face of the other, the path of extinction of the human, the logic of constraint of devices, and many others, in fact open up the field of analysis both to the many and more recent reflections carried out by image theorists, and to various practices experimented with by coeval artists and filmmakers. The basic question of this work can therefore be summarised as follows: can Abbas Kiarostami, by virtue of his strategic position on the fringes of the cultural industry and, at the same time, at the crossroads of several worlds and fields of expression, be an emblematic case study for recognising a certain condition of images and their re-watching? In its pragmatic and somewhat banal, essential and poor craftsmanship, can it prelude an unexpected return to theory that is able to illustrate and explain what the challenges of cinema and visual cultures are in this complex and involuted part of the century?

Nonostante la letteratura critica dedicata ad Abbas Kiarostami sia ricca di pubblicazioni e scandita da contributi illustri (Nancy, Montani, Mulvey, ecc.), sono assenti o sporadici gli studi che si concentrano sulla sua produzione più sperimentale, più recente e meno nota. Dopo aver realizzato, tra gli anni Ottanta e Novanta, alcuni dei suoi capolavori più acclamati (Dov’è la casa del mio amico, Close Up, E la vita continua, Sotto gli ulivi, Il sapore della ciliegia) egli infatti ha ridotto sensibilmente l’impegno nell’ambito del film di finzione, per dedicare la maggior parte dei suoi sforzi – dai primi anni Duemila fino al 2016, anno della sua scomparsa – verso un insieme di opere audiovisive imponente ed eterogeneo: installazioni artistiche, film sperimentali, documentari, cortometraggi, serie fotografiche, allestimenti teatrali, raccolte di poesie. Seppur discontinuo e policromo per forme e registri espressivi e vieppiù sconosciuto anche alle comunità di cinefili, questo corpus di opere è diventato, nel corso degli anni, lo spazio significante dove si è andata collocando – forse casualmente, forse ponderatamente – un’ampia e densa riflessione teorica dedicata a quelli che Pasolini avrebbe forse chiamato i cinèmi, vale a dire le unità minime di senso (l’inquadratura, il primo piano, il montaggio, il movimento di macchina) che stabiliscono le regole di ingaggio tra le immagini, il mondo e i suoi fruitori. Se nei film più tradizionali esse sono generalmente intrecciate in costrutti complessi, nei suoi artefatti non convenzionali più recenti, si presentano sotto forma distillata. Non come sintesi o riassunto, estrazione o frammento, ma come nuclei originari di significazione a cui affidare una carica epistemologica inattesa e un rapporto di implicazione quasi violento con il reale da una parte e con lo spettatore dall’altra. C’è da dire che tale dinamica essenzialista – ogni distillato in fondo punta a distinguere un’essenza – è rintracciabile anche nella filmografia più conosciuta di Kiarostami a cui questa pubblicazione non può non dare conto, convocandola però all’interno non di quadro finalistico inteso a rintracciare linee di continuità cronologiche o cifre stilistiche costanti e coese, semmai a partire dal prelievo di singole occorrenze epifaniche che possano evidenziare il modo con cui il film lavora sul suo essere tale: un’inquadratura, una battuta di dialogo, una conformazione spaziale, un difetto dell’immagine o del suono. Da qui lo schiudersi di una dimensione speculativa che lega ancora una volta quello che Manovich chiamava il cinematografico con un paesaggio visuale più ampio e poroso, perché ogni riflessione sul farsi e disfarsi del film in singole particelle è anche un porre i presupposti di prossimità tra il gesto filmico e quello artistico più in generale. La prospettiva che abbraccia il volume è dunque profondamente intermediale in un continuo basculare tra stati che apparirebbero polari o antinomici se non fossero viceversa contigui e compresenti negli stessi oggetti studiati, in fertile dialogo o conflitto tra loro. Analogico e digitale, mobile e immobile, figurativo e astratto; e ancora l’artificiale della creazione in rapporto con la potenza de-antropomorfizzata del naturale, l’autorevolezza arbitraria dell’autore in contrasto con la sua sparizione nell’indifferente. In altre parole, termini tra loro opposti trovano nelle sperimentazioni audiovisive dell’artista iraniano uno spazio di conciliazione che indica un modo di stare delle immagini – dei loro artefici, dei loro fruitori – che è facile ritrovare anche in altre esperienze espressive della scena contemporanea. Perché, quale secondo e non meno importante obiettivo del volume, si cercherà di riconoscere alcuni temi portanti che definiscono, nel profondo, la relazione tra i soggetti e gli ambienti che li circondano passando dalla singola occorrenza kiarostamiana a una più ampia rassegna sulla scena artistica, cinematografica e mediale contemporanea: questioni come l’attraversamento delle soglie di coscienza, il configurarsi del sé nel volto dell’altro, il percorso di estinzione dell’umano, la logica di costrizione dei dispositivi, e molte altre ancora, schiudono infatti il campo d’analisi sia alle molte e più recenti riflessioni svolte dai teorici dell’immagine, sia a diverse pratiche sperimentate da artisti e filmmaker coevi. La domanda di fondo di questo lavoro può dunque essere così sintetizzata: può essere Abbas Kiarostami, in virtù della sua strategica collocazione ai margini dell’industria culturale e, insieme, all’incrocio di più mondi e campi espressivi, un caso studio emblematico per riconoscere una determinata condizione delle immagini e del loro ri-guardarsi? Nella sua artigianalità pragmatica e un po’ banale, essenziale e povera, può preludere un inaspettato ritorno alla teoria che sia in grado di illustrare e spiegare quali sono le sfide del cinema e delle culture visuali in questo squarcio di secolo così complesso e involuto?

Le condizioni del senso. Il cinema sperimentale di Abbas Kiarostami

Marco Dalla Gassa
2024-01-01

Abstract

Although the critical literature devoted to Abbas Kiarostami is rich in publications and punctuated by illustrious contributions (Nancy, Montani, Mulvey, etc.), studies focusing on his more experimental, more recent and lesser-known output are absent or sporadic. After having made some of his most acclaimed masterpieces between the 1980s and 1990s (Where Is the Friend's House?, Close Up, And Life Goes On , Through the Olive Trees, The Taste of Cherry), he significantly reduced his commitment to fiction films, in order to devote most of his efforts - from the early 2000s until 2016, the year of his death - to an impressive and heterogeneous set of audiovisual works: art installations, experimental films, documentaries, short films, photographic series, theatre productions, poetry collections. Although discontinuous and polychrome in terms of expressive forms and registers, and increasingly unknown even to the cinephile community, over the years this body of works has become the significant space where - perhaps casually, perhaps thoughtfully - a wide-ranging and dense theoretical reflection dedicated to what Pasolini would perhaps have called the "cinèmi", i.e. the minimal units of meaning (the frame, the close-up, the montage, the camera movement) that establish the rules of engagement between the images, the world and its viewers. While in more traditional films they are generally woven into complex constructs, in his more recent unconventional artefacts, they are presented in distilled form. Not as synthesis or summary, extraction or fragment, but as original nuclei of signification to which they entrust an unexpected epistemological charge and an almost violent relationship of implication with reality on the one hand and with the spectator on the other. It must be said that this essentialist dynamic - after all, every distillation aims to distinguish an essence - can also be found in Kiarostami's best-known filmography, to which this publication cannot fail to give an account, but by summoning it within a finalist framework intended not to trace lines of chronological continuity or constant and cohesive stylistic figures, but rather by starting from the collection of single epiphanic occurrences that can highlight the way in which the film works on its being such: a shot, a line of dialogue, a spatial conformation, a defect in the image or sound. Hence the opening up of a speculative dimension that once again links what Manovich called the cinematic with a broader, more porous visual landscape, because every reflection on the making and unmaking of the film in individual particles is also a laying down of the prerequisites for proximity between the filmic gesture and the artistic gesture more generally. The perspective that embraces the volume is thus profoundly intermedial in a continuous tilting between states that would appear polar or antinomian if they were not conversely contiguous and co-present in the same objects studied, in fertile dialogue or conflict with each other. Analogical and digital, mobile and immobile, figurative and abstract; and again the artificial of creation in relation to the de-anthropomorphised power of the natural, the arbitrary authority of the author in contrast to its disappearance into the indifferent. In other words, mutually opposing terms find in the audiovisual experiments of the Iranian artist a space of reconciliation that indicates a way of being of images - of their creators, of their users - that is easy to find in other expressive experiences of the contemporary scene. Because, as a second and no less important objective of the volume, an attempt will be made to recognise some of the main themes that define, in depth, the relationship between the subjects and the environments that surround them, moving from a single kiarostamian occurrence to a broader review of the contemporary art, film and media scene: questions such as the crossing of thresholds of consciousness, the shaping of the self in the face of the other, the path of extinction of the human, the logic of constraint of devices, and many others, in fact open up the field of analysis both to the many and more recent reflections carried out by image theorists, and to various practices experimented with by coeval artists and filmmakers. The basic question of this work can therefore be summarised as follows: can Abbas Kiarostami, by virtue of his strategic position on the fringes of the cultural industry and, at the same time, at the crossroads of several worlds and fields of expression, be an emblematic case study for recognising a certain condition of images and their re-watching? In its pragmatic and somewhat banal, essential and poor craftsmanship, can it prelude an unexpected return to theory that is able to illustrate and explain what the challenges of cinema and visual cultures are in this complex and involuted part of the century?
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10278/5065581
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