Effect-oriented physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials

This chapter aims to identify and describe the major characterization parameters that should be investigated before, during and after a toxicity test is performed, and evaluate whether currently available analytical techniques, methods, and procedures are capable of detecting and quantifying NM during in vivo/in vitro studies in order to generate scientifically meaningful dose–response relationships. The essential physicochemical properties of NM are considered from a toxicological perspective, as well as their properties that can better describe the behavior as mediators of the toxicity. In this context, the needed characterization of NM has been divided into three topics: n Characterization of NM “as-produced” or provided by the manufacturer before being tested. n Characterization of NM during the dosing formulation (administrated NM). n Characterization of NM after administration. These topics provide a comprehensive review of more adequate characterization techniques, methods, and procedures.