ࡱ > c U bjbj Z ff ) 4 h ~ * L N v R # # # # $ U% , % J J J J J J J $ P AS j J % $ $ % % J # # N 4 4 4 % # # J 4 % J 4 4 r7 7 # 0) - " 7 J N 0 N 7 S - S 7 7 S ,8 l % % 4 % % % % % J J S2 % % % N % % % % S % % % % % % % % % : Interannual variability of sugars in Arctic aerosol: biomass burning and biogenic inputs Matteo Feltraccoa, Elena Barbarob, Silvia Tedeschia, Andrea Spolaorb, Clara Turettab, Marco Vecchiatob, Elisa Morabitoa, Roberta Zangrandob, Carlo Barbantea,b, Andrea Gambaroa,b a Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, CaFoscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy. b Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy. Corresponding author: Matteo Feltracco, CaFoscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy. Phone: +39 041 2348545 Fax +39 041 2348549 E-mail: HYPERLINK "mailto:matteo.feltracco@unive.it" matteo.feltracco@unive.it Abstract The concentration and particle-size distribution of sugars in Arctic aerosol samples were studied to investigate their potential sources and transport. Sugars are constituents of the water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in aerosol particles and some saccharides are used as tracers of Primary Biological Aerosol Particles (PBAPs). Monosaccharides (arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, xylose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, lactulose), alcohol-sugars (erythritol, mannitol, ribitol, sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol, galactitol) and anhydrosugars (levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan) were quantified in the aerosol samples collected during three different sampling campaigns (spring and summer 2013, spring 2014 and 2015). The mean total concentrations of sugars were 0.4 0.3, 0.6 0.5 and 0.5 0.6 ng m-3 for 2013, 2014 and 2015 spring campaigns, while the mean concentration increased to 3 3 ng m-3 in the summer of 2013. This work identified a reproducibility of the sugars trend regarding the spring seasons, while the presence of summer data in 2013 allowed to show a strong local input due to the exposure of snow and ice-free areas. Furthermore, the study proposed two innovative specific diagnostic ratios, using sorbitol & galactiol and arabinose, to better understand the type of combusted biomasses. This study demonstrates that not only long-range atmospheric transport can significantly control the chemical composition of sugars in the Arctic aerosol: depending on seasonality, local inputs certainly also play an important role in the chemical composition. Keywords: Arctic, bioaerosol, PBAPs, sugars Introduction Arctic regions, and in particular the Svalbard Archipelago, are affected by the polluted air prevalently coming from Northern Eurasian landmasses ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Maenhaut","given":"Willy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cornille","given":"Philippe","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Atmospheric Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]},"page":"2551-2569","title":"Trace element composition and origin of the atmospheric aerosol in the norwegian Arctic","type":"article-journal","volume":"23"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4138ce49-f033-4fed-98b3-e834f7684df4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Maenhaut and Cornille, 1989)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Maenhaut and Cornille, 1989)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Maenhaut and Cornille, 1989)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Maenhaut and Cornille, 1989). The chemical characterization of Arctic aerosol has been the object of a lot of investigations, focused on ions ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s12210-016-0529-3","ISSN":"17200776","abstract":"? 2016, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.During the 2013 Arctic campaign, direct measurements and size-segregated samplings of atmospheric aerosol were carried out from March to September at the Gruvebadet observatory in Ny-?lesund (78?56?N, 11?56?E; Svalbard Islands). Continuous size distribution measurements (104 size classes) were performed both in the nano- (TSI-SMPS system) and micro-metric (TSI-APS device) range with a resolution of 10?min. Aerosol sampling was carried out on daily basis (PM10 fraction, 00:01?23:59 UTC) and with a 4-day resolution (four-stage cascade impactor). A back-trajectory analysis was performed for specific events to understand transport processes and possible source areas of aerosol reaching Ny-?lesund. Aerosol samples were analyzed for ion composition (inorganic cations and anions, selected organic anions) by a three-chromatograph system after extraction in ultra-sonic bath. Special attention was spent in identifying and interpreting the seasonal pattern of natural and anthropic chemical markers. Sea spray aerosol was evenly distributed along all the sampling period with maxima related to wind speed. Its size distribution peaks in 1.0?2.5 or 2.5?10??m, depending on the transport conditions and distance from source areas. Anthropic sulfate dominates the spring aerosol load (Arctic Haze), both in acidic form (H2SO4) and in partially or totally neutralized ammonium salts. Biogenic contributions, marked by methanesulfonic acid, are relatively relevant in late spring?early summer and are distributed in the finest aerosol fraction (<1.0??m).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Giardi","given":"F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Becagli","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Traversi","given":"R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frosini","given":"D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Severi","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Caiazzo","given":"L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ancillotti","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cappelletti","given":"D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moroni","given":"B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grotti","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bazzano","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lupi","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mazzola","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vitale","given":"V.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Abollino","given":"O.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ferrero","given":"L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bolzacchini","given":"E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Viola","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Udisti","given":"R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Rendiconti Lincei","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"47-58","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","title":"Size distribution and ion composition of aerosol collected at Ny-lesund in the spring-summer field campaign 2013","type":"article-journal","volume":"27"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e913b4d7-6d80-431a-815b-98f91c0e5e2f"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s12210-016-0517-7","ISSN":"17200776","abstract":"Daily PM10 aerosol samples were collected at the Gruvebadet observatory, Ny-{}lesund (Svalbard Islands), during the spring-summer 2014 Italian Arctic Campaign. A total of 136 samples were analysed for ion (inorganic anions and cations, selected organic anions) composition aiming to evaluate the seasonal pattern of sulfate, as a key component of the Arctic haze. Ionic balances indicated a strong sulfate seasonality with mean spring concentration about 1.5 times higher than that measured in summer. The spring and summer aerosol was almost neutral, indicating that ammonia was the major neutralizing agent for atmospheric acidic species. The linear regression between sulfate from potential acidic sources (non-sea salt sulfate and non-crustal sulfate) and ammonium indicated that the mean sulfate/ammonium ratio was intermediate between semi-(NH4HSO4) and complete ((NH4)2SO4) neutralization. Using sea-salt sodium as sea-spray marker, non-sea-salt calcium as crustal marker and methanesulfonic acid as biogenic marker, a detailed source apportionment for sulfate was carried out. The anthropogenic input (calculated as the differences between total sulfate and the sum of sea-salt, crustal and biogenic contributes) was found to be the most relevant contribution to the sulfate budget in the Ny-{}lesund aerosol in summer and, especially, in spring. In this last season, crustal, sea-salt, biogenic and anthropogenic sources accounted for 3.3, 12.0, 11.5 and 74.8 {%}, respectively.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Udisti","given":"Roberto","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bazzano","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Becagli","given":"Silvia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bolzacchini","given":"Ezio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Caiazzo","given":"Laura","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cappelletti","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ferrero","given":"Luca","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frosini","given":"Daniele","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Giardi","given":"Fabio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grotti","given":"Marco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lupi","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Malandrino","given":"Mery","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mazzola","given":"Mauro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moroni","given":"Beatrice","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Severi","given":"Mirko","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Traversi","given":"Rita","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Viola","given":"Angelo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vitale","given":"Vito","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Rendiconti Lincei","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"85-94","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","title":"Sulfate source apportionment in the Ny-lesund (Svalbard Islands) Arctic aerosol","type":"article-journal","volume":"27"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=28422054-40e2-42a1-b327-ad5699de2716"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Giardi et al., 2016; Udisti et al., 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Giardi et al., 2016; Udisti et al., 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Giardi et al., 2016; Udisti et al., 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Giardi et al., 2016; Udisti et al., 2016), trace elements ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.026","ISSN":"18732844","abstract":"Atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) was collected at Ny-??lesund (Svalbard Islands, Norwegian Arctic) during spring and summer from 2010 to 2014 and analysed for lead content, enrichment factor and isotopic composition (208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb). It was found that atmospheric lead was mainly of anthropogenic origin and neither its mean concentration, nor its isotopic composition was subjected to significant inter-annual differences (p-value > 0.1). Seasonal differences in both lead content and isotopic compositions occurred (p-value < 0.001), with the exception of 2013 samples. Lead content in spring was higher than in summer. Isotopic analysis indicated that mining and smelting activities in the Rudny Altay region (Central Eurasia), as well as industrial emission in north-eastern North America, were the main sources of atmospheric lead in spring and summer, respectively. During 2013, no significant differences between the two seasons were found (p-value > 0.3), showing a prolonged influence of Eurasian sources also in summer. The results obtained by the Pb isotopic composition were corroborated by a back-trajectory cluster analysis of air-masses reaching the sampling site.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bazzano","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cappelletti","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Udisti","given":"Roberto","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grotti","given":"Marco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Atmospheric Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"11-19","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Long-range transport of atmospheric lead reaching Ny-lesund: Inter-annual and seasonal variations of potential source areas","type":"article-journal","volume":"139"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=93b6fae7-b72a-465d-aa70-72dd82857050"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s12210-016-0518-6","ISSN":"17200776","abstract":"We investigated the elemental composition and water-soluble-organic compounds (WSOC) present in size-segregated airborne particulate matter to better understand: (1) the distribution of the water-soluble fraction of trace elements (TE), rare earth elements (REE) and WSOCs among different particulate sizes, and (2) the transport processes of aerosol towards the Arctic zone. Samples were collected at Ny-Alesund in the Svalbard Islands (78{\\textdegree}55{\\textasciiacutex}07{\\textacutedbl}N, 11{\\textdegree}53{\\textasciiacutex}30{\\textacutedbl}E) from 19 April to 14 September 2010. Water-soluble TE and REE were measured with the aim of recognising reliable tracers of specific sources, which may prove crucial in cost-effective strategies of air pollution control. The TE and REE content, especially in the finest fractions of aerosols in remote areas, is primarily due to long-range transport. It gives valuable information on the global circulation and on the contribution of human activities to aerosol composition (Birmili et al. in Environ Sci Technol 40:1144--1153, 2006; Fern{}ndez-Espinosa et al. in Atmos Environ 38:873--886, 2004; Song et al. in Atmos Environ 35:5277--5286, 2001). On the same samples, we also determined water-soluble organic tracers as specific source indicators: levoglucosan and methoxyphenols from biomass burning, acrylamide from anthropogenic origin and amino acids from primary production. These results were discussed in previous papers (Scalabrin et al. in Atmos Chem Phys 12:10453--10463, 2012; Zangrando et al. in Environ Sci Technol 47:8565--8574, 2013).","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Turetta","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zangrando","given":"Roberta","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barbaro","given":"Elena","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gabrieli","given":"Jacopo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scalabrin","given":"Elisa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zennaro","given":"Piero","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gambaro","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Toscano","given":"Giuseppa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barbante","given":"Carlo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Rendiconti Lincei","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"95-103","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","title":"Water-soluble trace, rare earth elements and organic compounds in Arctic aerosol","type":"article-journal","volume":"27"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4179b62b-79cf-49e2-865d-1b1d4e58cec5"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.02.010","ISSN":"00128252","abstract":"The date of the definitive start to the Anthropocene is still under debate, and although a lot of progress has been made, currently available data is not precise enough to define the start of the human-dominated geological epoch. We know that during and after the industrial revolution, humans started having a much greater impact on the Earth's environment. Increases in population have led to increases in resource and fossil fuel use, leaving a marked impact on our planet. This impact, in the Northern hemisphere, is effectively recorded in the snow and ice of the Arctic. Human activity has changed various biogeochemical cycles to such an extent, that the climate has started to change. This has disturbed the biosphere, pushing it to adapt in response to these changes through evolutionary pressure. The Arctic is a particularly vulnerable environment and mankind is having a profound impact on its fragile equilibrium. Higher concentrations of heavy metals, organic compounds and radionuclides have been detected in ice cores as well as snow. Although climatic changes are evident on a global scale, in the Arctic these changes have been amplified. Advances in laboratory analysis methods have been applied to ice cores and surface snow samples to help us understand the mechanisms governing this fragile environment and to evaluate the impact and amplitude of human activity. Despite these advances, the fluxes and distributions over time of anthropogenic organic compounds is largely unknown. Hopefully advances in analytical methods will mean that this is not the case in the future.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barbante","given":"Carlo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spolaor","given":"Andrea","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cairns","given":"Warren RL","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boutron","given":"Claude","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Earth-Science Reviews","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"218-231","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Man's footprint on the Arctic environment as revealed by analysis of ice and snow","type":"article-journal","volume":"168"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=39fcfa9c-1b64-4217-808c-cb043b60d3be"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Barbante et al., 2017; Bazzano et al., 2016; Turetta et al., 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Barbante et al., 2017; Bazzano et al., 2016; Turetta et al., 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Barbante et al., 2017; Bazzano et al., 2016; Turetta et al., 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Barbante et al., 2017; Bazzano et al., 2016; Turetta et al., 2016), and organic compounds ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.002","ISSN":"18732844","abstract":"This study examines the relationships linking methanesulfonic acid (MSA, arising from the atmospheric oxidation of the biogenic dimethylsulfide, DMS) in atmospheric aerosol, satellite-derived chlorophyll a (Chl-a), and oceanic primary production (PP), also as a function of sea ice melting (SIM) and extension of the ice free area in the marginal ice zone (IF-MIZ) in the Arctic. MSA was determined in PM10 samples collected over the period 2010-2012 at two Arctic sites, Ny ??lesund (78.9??N, 11.9??E), Svalbard islands, and Thule Air Base (76.5??N, 68.8??W), Greenland. PP is calculated by means of a bio-optical, physiologically based, semi-analytical model in the potential source areas located in the surrounding oceanic regions (Barents and Greenland Seas for Ny ??lesund, and Baffin Bay for Thule). Chl-a peaks in May in the Barents sea and in the Baffin Bay, and has maxima in June in the Greenland sea; PP follows the same seasonal pattern of Chl-a, although the differences in absolute values of PP in the three seas during the blooms are less marked than for Chl-a. MSA shows a better correlation with PP than with Chl-a, besides, the source intensity (expressed by PP) is able to explain more than 30% of the MSA variability at the two sites; the other factors explaining the MSA variability are taxonomic differences in the phytoplanktonic assemblages, and transport processes from the DMS source areas to the sampling sites. The taxonomic differences are also evident from the slopes of the correlation plots between MSA and PP: similar slopes (in the range 34.2-36.2 ng m-3of MSA/(gC m-2 d-1)) are found for the correlation between MSA at Ny ??lesund and PP in Barents Sea, and between MSA at Thule and PP in the Baffin Bay; conversely, the slope of the correlation between MSA at Ny ??lesund and PP in the Greenland Sea in summer is smaller (16.7 ng m-3of MSA/(gC m-2 d-1)). This is due to the fact that DMS emission from the Barents Sea and Baffin Bay is mainly related to the MIZ diatoms, which are prolific DMS producers, whereas in the Greenland Sea the DMS peak is related to an offshore pelagic bloom where low-DMS producer species are present. The sea ice dynamic plays a key role in determining MSA concentration in the Arctic, and a good correlation between MSA and SIM (slope = 39 ng m-3 of MSA/106 km2 SIM) and between MSA and IF-MIZ (slope = 56 ng m-3 of MSA/106 km2 IF-MIZ) is found for the cases attributable to bloomings of diatoms in the MIZ. Such relationships are","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Becagli","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lazzara","given":"L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Marchese","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dayan","given":"U.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ascanius","given":"S. 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This study explores the impact of emissions from these fires on light absorbing aerosol concentration levels, aerosol optical depths (AOD), and albedo at the Arctic stations Barrow (Alaska), Alert (Canada), Summit (Greenland), and Zeppelin/Ny Alesund on Spitsbergen (Norway). The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART was run backward from these sites to identify periods that were influenced by forest fire pollution plumes. It is shown that the fires led to enhanced values of particle light absorption coefficients (sigma(ap)) at all of these sites. Barrow, about 1000 km away from the fires, was affected by several fire pollution plumes, one leading to spectacularly high 3-hour mean sigma(ap) values of up to 32 Mm(-1), more than the highest values measured in Arctic Haze. AOD measurements for a wavelength of 500 nm saturated but were estimated at above 4-5 units, unprecedented in the station records. Fire plumes were transported through the atmospheric column over Summit continuously for 2 months, during which all measured AOD values were enhanced, with maxima up to 0.4-0.5 units. Equivalent black carbon concentrations at the surface at Summit were up to 600 ng m(-3) during two major episodes, and Alert saw at least one event with enhanced sigma(ap) values. FLEXPART results show that Zeppelin was located in a relatively unaffected part of the Arctic. Nevertheless, there was a 4-day period with daily mean sigma(ap) > 0.3 Mm(-1), the strongest episode of the summer half year, and enhanced AOD values. Elevated concentrations of the highly source-specific compound levoglucosan positively confirmed that biomass burning was the source of the aerosols at Zeppelin. In summary, this paper shows that boreal forest fires can lead to elevated concentrations of light absorbing aerosols throughout the entire Arctic. Enhanced AOD values suggest a substantial impact of these plumes on radiation transmission in the Arctic atmosphere. During the passage of the largest fire plume, a pronounced drop of the albedo of the snow was observed at Summit. We suggest that this is due to the deposition of light absorbing particles on the snow, with further potentially important consequences for the Arctic radiation budget.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stohl","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andrews","given":"E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burkhart","given":"John F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Forster","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Herber","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hoch","given":"S. W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kowal","given":"D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lunder","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mefford","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ogren","given":"J. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sharma","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Spichtinger","given":"N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stebel","given":"K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stone","given":"R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Strm","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Trseth","given":"K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wehrli","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yttri","given":"K. E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"22","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"title":"Pan-Arctic enhancements of light absorbing aerosol concentrations due to North American boreal forest fires during summer 2004","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fc25467d-9409-4165-bf5a-8a0e69473744"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5194/acp-14-6427-2014","ISBN":"1680-7375","ISSN":"16807324","abstract":"
Levoglucosan, a highly specific tracer of particulate matter from biomass burning, has been used to study the influence of residential wood burning, agricultural waste burning and Boreal forest fire emissions on the Arctic atmosphere black carbon (BC) concentration. A one-year time series from March 2008 to March 200 9 o f l e v o g l u c o s a n h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e Z e p p e l i n o b s e r v a t o r y i n t h e E u r o p e a n A r c t i c . E l e v a t e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f l e v o g l u c o s a n i n w i n t e r ( m e a n : 1 . 0 2 n g m <